<Upper-Intermediate> Lesson No.2
Giving your view on optimal capital structure / 最適資本構成について教授に意見を求められる
0.Greetings & Ice-break (2min.)|挨拶と導入
0-1 Greetings
Let’s practice a short small talk that you can use to greet a business partner and start building a good relationship.
講師との挨拶を兼ねて、ビジネスパートナーと信頼関係を築くための短いスモールトークを練習してみましょう。
[Tips / 会話のヒント]
・Can you hear me clearly?
私の声はクリアに聞こえますか?
・How's your day going so far?
今日はどんな一日でしたか?
・Talk about one small topic (Work, Weather, News, Hometown, Sports event, etc.)
軽い話題について話しましょう(仕事、天気、ニュース、地元、スポーツイベントなど)
0-2 Introduction
In today’s lesson, we’ll learn about the following situation. Have you ever experienced something similar?
本日のレッスンでは以下のようなシチュエーションについて学びます。同様のシチュエーションを経験したことがありますか?
- If you have experience, please tell us what it was like, what was difficult, or what you learned.
経験があれば、どんな内容だったか、難しかったことや学んだことなどを教えて下さい。
- If you don’t have experience, try to imagine yourself handling that situation in English.
What do you think would be challenging?
経験がなければ、英語でその状況に対応しているところを想像してみましょう。どんなことが難しそうですか?
Situation / シチュエーション
The professor unexpectedly calls on you to explain your perspective on debt-equity balance using a real company example.
教授が突然指名し、実在企業の事例を使って負債と自己資本のバランスについて見解を説明する場面です。
1. Read (2 min)|型を学ぶ
Let's read the following key sentences aloud!
下記の文章や単語を順番に音読しましょう!
1-1 Basic phrases
1.I'll use ... as an example(...を例に挙げます)
2.I'll explain their...(彼らの...を説明します)
3.I'll discuss the benefits of...(...の利点を述べます)
4.I'll mention the risks...(...のリスクについて触れます)
5.They keep this balance to...(彼らは...するためにこのバランスを保っています)
6.This approach helps them...(このアプローチは彼らが...するのに役立ちます)
7.Each company needs to consider...(各企業は...を考慮する必要があります)
1-2 Essential words
1.explain(説明する)
2.discuss(述べる)
3.mention(触れる)
4.reduce(減らす)
5.depend(依存する)
6.invest(投資する)
7.increase(増やす)
8.decline(減少する)
9.avoid(避ける)
10.consider(考慮する)
2. Try (3 min)|ロールプレイ練習
Let’s practice the role-play.
ロールプレイの練習をしましょう!
Situation / シチュエーション(Reference again)
The professor unexpectedly calls on you to explain your perspective on debt-equity balance using a real company example.
教授が突然指名し、実在企業の事例を使って負債と自己資本のバランスについて見解を説明する場面です。
👨💼【Teacher / Professor】:
Thank you for joining today's discussion. I'd like you to explain your view on the balance between debt and equity, using a Japanese listed company as an example.
(本日のディスカッションにご参加いただきありがとうございます。日本の上場企業を例に挙げて、負債と自己資本のバランスについてあなたの考えを説明してください。)
🧑🎓【Student / MBA Candidate】:
Certainly. I'll use Toyota as an example. First, I'll explain their capital structure. Second, I'll discuss the benefits of their approach. Third, I'll mention the risks they manage.
(承知しました。トヨタを例に挙げます。まず、彼らの資本構成を説明します。次に、そのアプローチの利点を述べます。最後に、彼らが管理するリスクについて触れます。)
👨💼【Teacher / Professor】:
Good start. Could you provide more detail on Toyota's actual debt-to-equity ratio and why they maintain that level?
(良い始まりです。トヨタの実際の負債自己資本比率と、なぜそのレベルを維持しているのか、もっと詳しく説明してもらえますか?)
🧑🎓【Student / MBA Candidate】:
Toyota's debt-to-equity ratio is around 0.5, which means they use 1 unit of debt for every 2 units of equity. They keep this balance to reduce financial risk while taking advantage of lower interest costs. This approach helps them invest in new technology without depending too much on borrowed money.
(トヨタの負債自己資本比率は約0.5で、これは自己資本2単位に対して負債1単位を使用していることを意味します。彼らは財務リスクを減らしながら、より低い利息コストを活用するためにこのバランスを保っています。このアプローチは、借入金に過度に依存することなく新技術に投資するのに役立ちます。)
👨💼【Teacher / Professor】:
I see. But some argue that companies should increase debt to maximize shareholder value through tax benefits. How would you respond to that view?
(なるほど。しかし、企業は税制上の優遇措置を通じて株主価値を最大化するために負債を増やすべきだと主張する人もいます。その見解にどう答えますか?)
🧑🎓【Student / MBA Candidate】:
That's a valid point. However, Toyota operates in a cyclical industry where demand changes quickly. If they increase debt too much, they may face difficulty during economic downturns. Their conservative approach allows them to continue operations and keep investing even when sales decline. This strategy reduces the risk of financial distress.
(それは妥当な指摘です。しかし、トヨタは需要が急速に変化する循環的な業界で事業を行っています。もし負債を増やしすぎると、景気後退時に困難に直面する可能性があります。彼らの保守的なアプローチは、売上が減少しても事業を継続し投資を続けることを可能にします。この戦略は財務的困難のリスクを減らします。)
👨💼【Teacher / Professor】:
That makes sense. One more question — do you think this balance is appropriate for all industries, or does it depend on the business model?
(それは理にかなっています。もう一つ質問です。このバランスはすべての業界に適切だと思いますか、それともビジネスモデルに依存しますか?)
🧑🎓【Student / MBA Candidate】:
It definitely depends on the business model. For example, utility companies often use higher debt because their cash flow is stable and predictable. In contrast, technology startups may avoid debt and rely on equity to support rapid growth and handle uncertainty. Each company needs to consider its industry characteristics and risk tolerance.
(それは間違いなくビジネスモデルに依存します。例えば、公益企業はキャッシュフローが安定していて予測可能なため、より高い負債を使用することが多いです。対照的に、テクノロジースタートアップは負債を避け、急速な成長を支え不確実性に対処するために自己資本に依存することがあります。各企業は業界特性とリスク許容度を考慮する必要があります。)
👨💼【Teacher / Professor】:
Excellent analysis. You've clearly explained the trade-offs and shown that context matters. Your use of a real example made your argument much stronger. Well done.
(素晴らしい分析です。トレードオフを明確に説明し、文脈が重要であることを示しました。実例を使ったことで、あなたの主張がはるかに説得力を持ちました。よくできました。)
3. Use (4 min)|ロールプレイ & 実践(空欄補完)
Let's perform the role-play and fill in the blanks by translating the Japanese into English!
空欄の日本語を英語に訳しながら、ロールプレイを実践してみましょう!
Situation / シチュエーション(Reference again)
The professor unexpectedly calls on you to explain your perspective on debt-equity balance using a real company example.
教授が突然指名し、実在企業の事例を使って負債と自己資本のバランスについて見解を説明する場面です。
👨💼【Teacher / Professor】:
Thank you for joining today's discussion. I'd like you to explain your view on the balance between debt and equity, using a Japanese listed company as an example.
🧑🎓【Student / MBA Candidate】:
Certainly. I'll use Toyota as an example. First, I'll [説明する] their capital structure. Second, I'll [述べる] the benefits of their approach. Third, I'll [触れる] the risks they manage.
👨💼【Teacher / Professor】:
Good start. Could you provide more detail on Toyota's actual debt-to-equity ratio and why they maintain that level?
🧑🎓【Student / MBA Candidate】:
Toyota's debt-to-equity ratio is around 0.5, which means they use 1 unit of debt for every 2 units of equity. They keep this balance to [減らす] financial risk while taking advantage of lower interest costs. This approach helps them [投資する] in new technology without [依存する]ing too much on borrowed money.
👨💼【Teacher / Professor】:
I see. But some argue that companies should increase debt to maximize shareholder value through tax benefits. How would you respond to that view?
🧑🎓【Student / MBA Candidate】:
That's a valid point. However, Toyota operates in a cyclical industry where demand changes quickly. If they [増やす] debt too much, they may face difficulty during economic downturns. Their conservative approach allows them to continue operations and keep investing even when sales [減少する]. This strategy [減らす]s the risk of financial distress.
👨💼【Teacher / Professor】:
That makes sense. One more question — do you think this balance is appropriate for all industries, or does it depend on the business model?
🧑🎓【Student / MBA Candidate】:
It definitely [依存する]s on the business model. For example, utility companies often use higher debt because their cash flow is stable and predictable. In contrast, technology startups may [避ける] debt and rely on equity to support rapid growth and handle uncertainty. Each company needs to [考慮する] its industry characteristics and risk tolerance.
👨💼【Teacher / Professor】:
Excellent analysis. You've clearly explained the trade-offs and shown that context matters. Your use of a real example made your argument much stronger. Well done.
4. Challenge (7 min)|応用実践
Let's perform the role-play and fill in the blanks by translating the Japanese into English!
空欄の日本語を英語に訳しながら、ロールプレイを実践してみましょう!
*Let's practice this part repeatedly until we can speak it smoothly.
このパートはスムーズにスピーキングできるようになるまで繰り返し練習しましょう。
Situation / シチュエーション(Reference again)
The professor unexpectedly calls on you to explain your perspective on debt-equity balance using a real company example.
教授が突然指名し、実在企業の事例を使って負債と自己資本のバランスについて見解を説明する場面です。
👨💼【Teacher / Professor】:
Thank you for joining today's discussion. I'd like you to explain your view on the balance between debt and equity, using a Japanese listed company as an example.
🧑🎓【Student / MBA Candidate】:
[承知しました。トヨタを例に挙げます。] [まず、彼らの資本構成を説明します。] [次に、そのアプローチの利点を述べます。] [最後に、彼らが管理するリスクについて触れます。]
👨💼【Teacher / Professor】:
Good start. Could you provide more detail on Toyota's actual debt-to-equity ratio and why they maintain that level?
🧑🎓【Student / MBA Candidate】:
Toyota's debt-to-equity ratio is around 0.5, which means they use 1 unit of debt for every 2 units of equity. They keep this balance to reduce financial risk while taking advantage of lower interest costs. This approach helps them invest in new technology without depending too much on borrowed money.
👨💼【Teacher / Professor】:
I see. But some argue that companies should increase debt to maximize shareholder value through tax benefits. How would you respond to that view?
🧑🎓【Student / MBA Candidate】:
That's a valid point. However, Toyota operates in a cyclical industry where demand changes quickly. If they increase debt too much, they may face difficulty during economic downturns. Their conservative approach allows them to continue operations and keep investing even when sales decline. This strategy reduces the risk of financial distress.
👨💼【Teacher / Professor】:
That makes sense. One more question — do you think this balance is appropriate for all industries, or does it depend on the business model?
🧑🎓【Student / MBA Candidate】:
It definitely depends on the business model. For example, utility companies often use higher debt because their cash flow is stable and predictable. In contrast, technology startups may avoid debt and rely on equity to support rapid growth and handle uncertainty. Each company needs to consider its industry characteristics and risk tolerance.
👨💼【Teacher / Professor】:
Excellent analysis. You've clearly explained the trade-offs and shown that context matters. Your use of a real example made your argument much stronger. Well done.
\ If you have some extra capacity, give it a try(余力があればやってみましょう)/
5. Real-world application (5 min)|実務応用
Let's speak freely with the phrases and flow we learned today. If you can, imagine your real job—it makes practice more effective.
本日学習した単語やフレーズ、会話の流れを思い出しながら、自由に話してみましょう。可能であれば、自身の実務を想像しながら話すと効果的です。
Situation / シチュエーション
You are an MBA student in a finance class.
The professor asks you to explain your view on capital structure using a real company example.
あなたはファイナンスの授業を受けているMBA学生です。
教授が実在企業を例に資本構成についてあなたの見解を説明するよう求めています。
👨💼【Teacher / Professor】:
Please share your analysis of debt and equity balance using a Japanese listed company. Explain why that company chose its current capital structure.
(日本の上場企業を使って負債と自己資本のバランスについてあなたの分析を共有してください。その企業がなぜ現在の資本構成を選んだのか説明してください。)
🧑🎓【Student / Your Role】:
(Free Speaking based on today's lesson)
Hints / ヒント
1. Explain the company's capital structure
2. Discuss the benefits of their approach
3. Mention the risks they manage
4. Consider industry characteristics
※This is not a role-play. Please speak until you finish your thoughts.
このパートはロールプレイ形式ではありません。最後まで通して話してみましょう。
6. Wrap-up (2 min) |レッスンの振り返り
Let's review today's lesson with your teacher!
今日のレッスンについて講師と振り返ってみましょう!
6-1 Comments from student
・Good points / 良かったところ・上手くできたところ
・Things to work on / 今後強化したいところ
6-2 Feedback from teacher
・Good points / 良かった点
・Things to work on / 今後の強化ポイント
・What to review / 復習ポイント
*6-3 Questions from student (if any)
Japanese translation(日本語訳)
1. Read (2min)(型を学ぶ)|基本フレーズ
2. Try (4min)(ロールプレイ練習)|型を使った練習
Let’s practice the role-play.
ロールプレイの練習をしましょう!
3. Use (7min)|応用
Let’s perform the role-play and filling in the missing English!
英語を補完しながら、ロールプレイを実践してみましょう!
4. Challenge (7min)|実践
Let’s perform the role-play and filling in the missing English!
英語を補完しながら、ロールプレイを実践してみましょう!
5. Wrap-up (3min) – レッスンの振り返り
"Let’s review today’s lesson with your teacher!”
「今日のレッスンについて講師と振り返ってみましょう!」
5-1. Comments from Student
- Good points / 良かったところ・上手くできたところ
- Things to work on / 今後強化したいところ
5-2. Feedback from Teacher
- Good points / 良かった点
- Things to work on / 今後の強化ポイント
- What to review / 復習ポイント
5-3. Question from Students (If any)
